but evolutionary cosmologists have had nothing better to offer, especially since the abandonment of the rival steady-state theory several years ago. Sir Fred Hoyle, outstanding astronomer and cosmologist, who finally gave up the steady-state theory which he had originated and long promoted, has also shown that the big bang theory should be abandoned, for still other reasons.
"As a result of all this, the main efforts of investigators have been in papering over holes in the big bang theory, to build up an idea that has become ever more complex and cumbersome .... I have little hesitation in saying that a sickly pall now hangs over the big bang theory. When a pattern of facts becomes set against a theory, experience shows that the theory rarely recovers." [5]
In a new attempt to overcome some of the difficulties of the big bang theory, an amazing concept has recently been promoted, a concept known as the " inflationary universe," associated especially with the name of Alan Guth. This is strictly a mathematical construct, impossible even to visualize, let alone test, but its advocates claim that it can resolve the problems posed by the initial stages of the big bang. Its essentials are outlined in the following remarkable scenario:
"Our present understanding now leads us to the belief that sometime around 10-35 second the rate of expansion underwent a dramatic, albeit temporary, increase, to which we apply the term inflation. The physical processes that took place during the unification of the strong force with the others caused the universe to expand from a size much smaller than a single proton to something approximately the size of a grapefruit in about 10-35 second." [6]
Now 10-35 second is one hundred millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second, whatever that can possibly mean. These inflationary cosmogonists are telling us that, at the beginning, the entire universe (of space, time and matter) was concentrated as an infinitesimal particle, with all force systems (gravity, electromagnetic, nuclear and weak forces) unified as a single type of force. This "universe" somehow went through an inconceivably rapid inflationary stage, reaching grapefruit size in 10 -35 second, by which time the four forces had become separate forces, the heterogeneities had been generated which would eventually become expressed in the heterogeneous nature of the expanded universe, and the universe was ready to enter the "normal" phase of its big bang. Thus as Tryon says:
"In this scenario, the 'hot big bang' was preceded by a'cold big whoosh."'[7]
To comprehend the arguments behind this inflationary model of the early cosmos, one would require a background in advanced mathematical physics, and not even those who have such a background all accept the model. As the very title of Page's previously cited article states, inflation does not explain time asymmetry. That is, it still contradicts the principle of increasing entropy, or disorder.
"The time asymmetry of the universe is expressed by the second law of thermodynamics, that entropy increases with time as order is transformed into disorder. The mystery is not that an ordered state should become disordered but that the early universe was in a highly ordered state."[8]
Many, of course, have speculated that the universe as a whole has been eternally oscillating back and forth, so that the inferred infinitesimally sized beginning of the expanding universe was merely the hypothetical end result of a previously contracting universe. But this strange notion is clearly not a solution to the entropy problem.
"We now appreciate that, because of the huge entropy generated in our Universe, far from oscillating, a closed universe can only go through one cycle of expansion and contraction. Whether closed or open, reversing or monotonically expanding, the severely irreversible phase transitions transpiring give the universe a definite beginning, middle and end."[9]
In fact, Bludman, who is in the Department of Physics at the University of Pennsylvania, also makes the following fascinating comment:
"Finally, we show that if space is closed and the Universe began with low entropy, then it had to begin, not with a big bang, but with a nonsingular tepid little bang." [10]
If the universe is "open," then its inferred expansion should
go on forever, but if it is closed, and eventually begins to fold back in on itself, then it could not ever bounce back again. It would end in a " final crunch."
Which brings our discussion back again to the singular beginning postulated by the inflationary model. Where did the initial " Pointuniverse" come from? This amazing infinitesimal particle which contained the entire universe and, in principle, all its future galaxies, planets and people—how do we account for it? Now, if one thinks that the scenario up to this point has been enchantingly preposterous, he will surely think the rest of it is simply a creationist plot to make evolutionists look ridiculous. Readers should certainly check this out for themselves!
How did it all come to pass? Edward Tryon, who started much of these metaphysical exercises back in 1973, says:
"So I conjectured that our Universe had its physical origin as a quantum fluctuation of some pre-existing true vacuum, or state of nothingness."[11]
So our vast, complex cosmos began as a point of something or other which evolved as a fluctuation from a state of nothingness!
"In this picture, the universe came into existence as a fluctuation in the quantum-mechanical vacuum. Such a hypothesis leads to a view of creation in which the entire universe is an accident. In Tryon's words, 'Our universe is simply one of those things which happen from time to time.'"[12]
Lest any readers begin to wonder, this discussion is not intended as a satire. It is a straightforward recital of what modern astrophysical cosmogonists are proposing as the beginning of our universe. Guth and Steinhardt, two of the most active and ingenious workers in this field, say:
"From a historical point of view probably the most revolutionary aspect of the inflationary model is the notion that all the matter and energy in the observable universe may have emerged from almost nothing …. The inflationary model of the universe provides a possible mechanism by which the observed universe could have evolved from an infinitesimal region. It is then tempting to go one step further and speculate that the entire universe evolved from literally nothing." [13]
Regardless of the sophisticated mathematical apparatus leading the inflationary-universe cosmogonists to their remarkable statement of faith in the omnipotence of nothingness, there will continue to be a few realists who prefer the creationist alternative: "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth."
References
1. Edward P. Tryon, 'What Made the World?" New Scientist, Vol. 101, Mar. 8, 1984, p. 14. Return to Text
2. Don N. Page, "Inflation Does Not Explain Time Asymmetry," Nature, Vol. 304, Jul. 7, 1983, p. 40. Return to Text
3. D.E. Thomsen, "Hypersuperduper Galaxy Cluster,' Science News,Vol. 122, Dec. 18/25, 1982, p. 391. Return to Text
4. Harold S. Slusher, The Origin of the Universe (San Diego: Institute for Creation Research, 1980), pp. 23-70. Return to Text
5. Fred Hoyle, "The Big Bang Under Attack," Science Digest, Vol 92, May 1984, p. 84. Return to Text
6. James Trefil, "The Accidental Universe," Science Digest, Vol. 92, June 1984, p. 54. Return to Text
7. Edward P. Tryon, op. cit, p. 16. Return to Text
8. Don N. Page, op. cit, p. 39, Dr. Page is a member of the physics faculty at Pennsylvania State University. Return to Text
9. S.A. Bludman, "Thermodynamics and the End of a Closed Universe," Nature, Vol. 308, March 22, 1984, p. 322. Return to Text
10. Ibid., p. 319. Return to Text
11. Edward P. Tryon, op. cit, p. 15. Return to Text
12. James Trefil, op cit, p. 101. Return to Text
13. Alan Guth and Paul Steinhardt, "The Inflationary Universe," Scientific American, Vol. 250, May 1984, p. 128. Return to Text
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"Vital Articles on Science/Creation"
September 1984
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